大黄葸醌提取物对建鲤抗应激及生长的影响

将750尾建鲤随机分成5组,第1组为对照组,投喂基础日粮,另外4组为试验组,投喂基础日粮中分别添加0．5％、1．0％、2．0％、4．0％大黄蒽醌提取物。从2005年7月到9月连续投喂70d后,对鱼体进行高密度应激,测定其生长、应激前后血液皮质醇、血糖、溶菌酶等变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,应激前添加大黄葸醌提取物提高了鱼体增重率、特定生长率、鱼体丰满度、血液溶菌酶活性,降低了饵料系数与鱼体死亡率,但是与大黄葸醌提取物的添加水平不成线性关系,其中2．0％试验组还显著降低了血液皮质醇。高密度应激1d后,各组血液中的皮质醇、血糖、溶菌酶都有不同程度的增加,其中对照组最高,添加1．0％和2．0％大黄蒽醌提取物的试验组相对较低。应激前后各组鱼的攻毒试验表明：除应激前添加1．0％和2．0％大黄蒽醌提取物的组没有死鱼外,其它各组都有死鱼,其中对照组死亡率最高。因此添加1．0％-2．0％大黄蒽醌提取物提高了机体抗应激能力,并对病原菌感染起一定的保护作用,促进了鱼体生长。     

A Review of the Genera Croconema Cobb, 1920 and Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899 (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea): New Species from the Coasts of Kenya and Australia

This article is a review of the subfamily Desmodorinae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) and two related genera within this subfamily, Croconema Cobb, 1920 and Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899 with keys to genus or species level, genus diagnoses and lists of valid species. An emended diagnosis of, and discussion on, Sibayinema Swart & Heyns, 1991, is presented. Three new species are described: Croconema floriani sp.n. from the coast of Kenya, Pseudochromadora galeata sp.n. and P. securis sp.n. from the coast of Australia.     

生态足迹方法及研究进展

本文介绍了生态足迹的计算方法,回顾了国内外的研究进展,重点介绍了生态足迹计算中能源足迹算法的研究进展。目前,国外对生态足迹的研究集中在对长时间序列计算分析和计算方法的改进上,提出了改进的生态足迹方法“实际土地需求”法;国内研究还多限于生态足迹实例计算分析。探讨了生态足迹方法的优缺点,同时就生态足迹今后的研究重点提出一些看法和展望。     

人工驯养下扬子鳄的生长规律

研究结果表明扬子鳄在饲养条件下的生长具有一定的规律性。饲养群体中,5龄以前的鳄生长速率较快,其中在2龄前生长速率最快,在5龄至7龄间生长速率明显减慢;鳄体长与体重之间呈正相关,两者在体长小于50cm时呈直线相关,体长大于50cm时呈曲线相关。不同性别的扬子鳄年生长状况不同,从5龄开始雌雄鳄体重出现显著差异,雄鳄重于雌鳄;从6龄开始雌雄鳄在体长方面的生长速率出现差异,雄鳄生长明显快于雌鳄;达到10龄后,雌雄鳄在体长和体重方面的增长均明显减慢,达到15龄时两者的体形已相差悬殊,雄性大于雌性。由von Berta-lanffy生长模型分析,雌鳄达到25龄而雄鳄达到35龄后,各自的体长几乎停止生长,雌鳄平均最大体长为173cm,雄鳄平均最大体长为219cm。在人工越冬下,除第一次越冬外,扬子鳄在越冬室内的冬眠中体况无明显变化,体能明显消耗出现在户外冬眠过程中。本研究为扬子鳄的科学化饲养提供理论依据。     

青海湖裸鲤生长特征的研究

对2002年5月—2003年7月采自青海湖的1174尾青海湖裸鲤样本年龄进行了耳石鉴定,并依据年龄推算了生长率。青海湖裸鲤体长与体重的关系为:W=0.000174×L2.4990(♀)、W=0.0000402×L2.7538(♂),雌、雄个体生长差异显著。其体长Von Bertalanffy生长方程为:Lt=551.9301(1-e-0.0711(t 0.3044))(♀),Lt=682.8688(1-e-0.0530(t 0.4240))(♂);体重Von Bertalanffy生长方程为:Wt=1237.3431(1-e-0.0711(t 0.3044))2.4990(♀),Wt=2567.3242×(1-e-0.0530(t 0.4240))2.7538(♂)。其雌、雄生长拐点分别为12.57龄和18.67龄。     

Annual cycle and inter-annual variability of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration in a floodprone river during a 15-year period

1. Temporal variation in ecosystem metabolism over a 15‐year period (1986–2000) was evaluated in a seventh order channelised gravel bed river (mean annual discharge 48.7 m³ s^?1) of the Swiss Plateau. The river is subject to frequent disturbance by bed‐moving spates. Daily integrals of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were calculated based on single‐station diel oxygen curves. 2. Seasonal decomposition of the time series of monthly metabolism rates showed that approximately 50% of the variation of GPP and ER can be attributed to season. Annual GPP averaged 5.0 ± 0.6 g O₂ m^?2 day^?1 and showed no long‐term trend. 3. Ecosystem respiration, averaging 6.2 ± 1.4 g O₂ m^?2 day^?1, declined from 8.8 to 4.1 g O₂ m^?2 day^?1 during the 15‐year period. This significant trend paralleled a decline in nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations, and the biochemical oxygen demand discharged by sewage treatment facilities upstream of the study reach. The ratio of GPP to ER (P/R) increased from 0.53 to about 1 as consequence of ER reduction. 4. Bed moving spates reduced GPP by 49% and ER by 19%. Postspate recovery of GPP was rapid between spring and autumn and slow during winter. Recovery of ER lacked any seasonal pattern. Annual patterns of daily GPP and to a minor extent of daily ER can be described as a sequence of recovery periods frequently truncated by spates. 5. The study showed that disturbance by frequent bed‐moving spates resulted in major stochastic variation in GPP and ER but annual patterns were still characterised by a distinct seasonal cycle. It also became evident that stream metabolism is a suitable method to assess effects of gradual changes in water quality.     

Influence of maternal dietary calcium levels on milk zinc, calcium and phosphorus contents and milk production in rats

The aim of this study was to analyze zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents in milk and the lactational performance in rats fed different Ca levels. Female Wistar rats were fed during pregnancy and lactation with experimental diets containing 20% protein and high (0.90%, HCa), normal (0.60%, NCa) or low (0.20%, LCa) Ca levels. Milk samples were collected after 15 days to determine the milk mineral composition. Pup weight was recorded from birth to weaning (litter size: 6-8 pups) to determine weight gain and calculate milk production. At delivery there were no significant differences in the body weight of the pups between the groups, but at day 15, the LCa group showed lower values than both NCa and HCa groups (p<0.05). The weight gain of the LCa group was significantly lower than of the HCa and NCa groups, between delivery and day 5 (p<0.05). This reduced rate of weight gain led to the LCa group reaching weaning weight later than the other groups. Milk production (g/pup/day) was significantly lower when dams were fed the LCa than the NCa and HCa diets (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups in milk Ca, P and Zn levels and Ca/P ratio. The body mineral composition of the pups at birth did not differ between the groups; at weaning, however, both LCa and HCa groups had lower element contents than the NCa group (p<0.05). In conclusion, dams fed with a diet containing low Ca levels produced smaller volumes of milk and their pups reached weaning weights later than the other groups. As the milk mineral composition was not affected, it can be hypothesized that in dams fed low dietary Ca, the smaller milk yield might have been a way of maintaining milk quality. High Ca levels affected neither pregnancy outcome nor lactational performance.     

氮磷限制对锥状斯氏藻孢囊形成的作用

在实验室研究了锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)在N、P单因子营养限制(N:500μg.L-1,P:74～0.74μg.L-1和P:74μg.L-1,N:500～5μg.L-1)条件下的生长和孢囊形成。结果显示N、P限制不利于锥状斯氏藻的快速生长,其中低P对细胞生长的限制作用更显著。其孢囊形成率在15～99%之间,中度N限制能促进孢囊的形成,形成率几乎可达100%。孢囊一般在对数生长期结束、细胞数量达到最大值时开始形成。但由于接种后营养盐浓度的急剧降低,营养极度限制组孢囊可在接种后第1d就开始形成。结果显示稳定生长期孢囊的大量形成大大降低了锥状斯氏藻营养细胞数量,能在一定程度上促进其赤潮的消亡。     

F1代西藏小型猪早期生长发育特点

目的研究西藏小型猪早期生长发育的规律。方法对本基地F1代西藏小型猪的体重、体长、胸围、体高、体温、呼吸频率、心率及血液生理生化指标进行了测定。结果西藏小型猪体型小,生长性能稳定,生长速度与原产地西藏小型猪基本一致;西藏小型猪的体温、呼吸次数和心率与原产地西藏小型猪相近,且雌雄之间差异不显著(P>0.05);F1代雌雄间除嗜碱性粒细胞、单核细胞数和尿素氮外其他指标也基本一致,大部分指标与人接近。结论由于西藏小型猪体型小、生长性能稳定,血液生理生化值与人类相近,因而是理想的医学研究用实验动物。     

四川南充市白头鹎的繁殖习性及雏鸟的生长发育

2005年3~8月对南充市的白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)的繁殖习性进行了观察,研究了其雏鸟生长发育模式。结果表明,白头鹎于3月底开始营巢,营巢期(6±1)d,4月初产卵,一般为(3.50±0.50)枚,孵卵期(11±1)d,巢内育雏(13±1)d,雏鸟外部器官的形态学参数用Logistic曲线方程拟合,拟合度高,体长、翼长及10日龄前体重等生长曲线均呈“S”型。